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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Animal feed</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Feed grade" redirects here. For a term in mining, see <a href="Ore_grade" title="Ore grade">Ore grade</a>.</div>

<p><b>Animal feed</b> is <a href="Food" title="Food">food</a> given to <a href="Domestic_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic animal">domestic animals</a>, especially <a href="Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>, in the course of <a href="Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a>. There are two basic types: <a href="Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a> and <a href="Forage" title="Forage">forage</a>. Used alone, the word <i>feed</i> more often refers to <a href="Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a>. Animal feed is an important input to <a href="Animal_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal agriculture">animal agriculture</a>, and is frequently the main cost of the raising or keeping of animals. Farms typically try to reduce cost for this food, by growing their own, <a href="Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing</a> animals, or supplementing expensive feeds with substitutes, such as <a href="Food_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">food waste</a> like <a href="Spent_grain" class="mw-redirect" title="Spent grain">spent grain from beer brewing</a>.

</p><p>Animal wellbeing is highly dependent on feed that reflects a well balanced nutrition. Some modern agricultural practices, such as fattening cows on grains or in feed lots, have detrimental effects on the environment and animals. For example, increased corn or other grain in feed for cows, makes their <a href="Microbiome" title="Microbiome">microbiomes</a> more acidic weakening their immune systems and making cows a more likely vector for <a href="E.coli" class="mw-redirect" title="E.coli"><i>E. coli</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while other feeding practices can improve animal impacts. For example, feeding cows certain kinds of seaweed, reduces their production of methane, reducing the <a href="Environmental_impact_of_meat_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of meat production">greenhouse gases from meat production</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>When an environmental crisis strikes farmers or herders, such as a drought or <a href="Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather</a> driven by climate change, farmers often have to shift to more expensive <a href="Manufactured_animal_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufactured animal feed">manufactured animal feed</a>, which can negatively effect their economic viability. For example, a 2017 drought in Senegal reduced the availability of <a href="Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing lands</a> leading to skyrocketing demand and prices for manufactured animal feed, causing farmers to sell large portions of their herds.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally agriculture for producing animal feed puts pressure on land use: feed crops need land that otherwise might be used for human food and can be one of the driving factors for <a href="Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, <a href="Soil_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil degradation">soil degradation</a> and climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fodder">Fodder</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Fodder" title="Fodder">Fodder</a></div>

<p>"<a href="Fodder" title="Fodder">Fodder</a>" refers particularly to foods or forages given to the animals (including plants cut and carried to them), rather than that which they forage for themselves. It includes <a href="Hay" title="Hay">hay</a>, <a href="Straw" title="Straw">straw</a>, <a href="Silage" title="Silage">silage</a>, compressed and pelleted feeds, oils and mixed rations, and sprouted grains and <a href="Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a>. Grass and crop residues are the most important source of animal feed globally.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grains account for 11% of the total dry matter consume by livestock at global level and oilseed crops by-products such as soybean cakes account for 5%.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amount of grain used to produce the same unit of meat varies substantially between species and production systems.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a>, ruminants require an average of 2.8 kg of grains to produce 1 kg of meat while monogastrics require 3.2.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These figures vary between 0.1 for extensive ruminant systems to 9.4 in beef feedlots, and from 0.1 in backyard chicken production to 4 in industrial pig production.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Farmed_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmed fish">Farmed fish</a> can also be fed on grain and use even less than poultry. The two most important feed grains are <a href="Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> and <a href="Soybean" title="Soybean">soybean</a>, and the <a href="Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">United States</a> is by far <a href="Grain_trade" title="Grain trade">the largest exporter</a> of both, averaging about half of the global maize trade and 40% of the global soya trade in the years leading up the 2012 drought.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other feed grains include <a href="Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="Oats" class="mw-redirect" title="Oats">oats</a>, <a href="Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, and <a href="Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, among many others.

</p><p>Traditional sources of animal feed include <a href="Food_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">household food scraps</a> and the byproducts of <a href="Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing</a> industries such as <a href="Milling_(grinding)" class="mw-redirect" title="Milling (grinding)">milling</a> and <a href="Brewing" title="Brewing">brewing</a>. Material remaining from milling oil crops like <a href="Peanut#Animal_feed" title="Peanut">peanuts</a>, <a href="Soybean#Livestock_feed" title="Soybean">soy</a>, and <a href="Maize#Fodder" title="Maize">corn</a> are important sources of fodder. Scraps fed to pigs are called <a href="Food_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">slop</a>, and those fed to chicken are called <a href="Bird_food" title="Bird food">chicken scratch</a>. <a href="Brewer's_spent_grain" title="Brewer's spent grain">Brewer's spent grain</a> is a byproduct of beer making that is widely used as animal feed.

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</style><span class="vanchor"><span class="vanchor-text">Compound feed</span></span> is fodder that is blended from various raw materials and additives. These blends are formulated according to the specific requirements of the target animal. They are manufactured by feed compounders as <i>meal type</i>, <i>pellets</i> or <i>crumbles</i>. The main ingredients used in commercially prepared feed are the feed grains, which include <a href="Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, <a href="Soybeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Soybeans">soybeans</a>, <a href="Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, <a href="Oats" class="mw-redirect" title="Oats">oats</a>, and <a href="Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>.

</p><p>Compound feed may also include premixes, which may also be sold separately. Premixes are composed of microingredients such as vitamins, minerals, chemical preservatives, <a href="Antibiotic_use_in_livestock" title="Antibiotic use in livestock">antibiotics</a>, fermentation products, and other ingredients that are purchased from premix companies, usually in sacked form, for blending into commercial rations. Because of the availability of these products, farmers who use their own grain can formulate their own rations and be assured that their animals are getting the recommended levels of minerals and vitamins,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although they are still subject to the <a href="Veterinary_Feed_Directive" title="Veterinary Feed Directive">Veterinary Feed Directive</a>.

</p><p>According to the <a href="American_Feed_Industry_Association" title="American Feed Industry Association">American Feed Industry Association</a>, as much as $20 billion worth of feed ingredients are purchased each year. These products range from grain mixes to orange rinds and beet pulps. The feed industry is one of the most competitive businesses in the agricultural sector and is by far the largest purchaser of U.S. corn, feed grains, and soybean meal. Tens of thousands of farmers with feed mills on their own farms are able to compete with huge conglomerates with national distribution. Feed crops generated $23.2 billion in cash receipts on U.S. farms in 2001. At the same time, farmers spent a total of $24.5 billion on feed that year.

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<p>With progressing climate change and reoccurring droughts, extensive rangeland agriculture increasingly suffers of forage shortage. Innovative approaches to substitute forage include the harvesting and processing of shrubs into animal feed. This has been extensively researched and applied in Namibia, using waste biomass resulting from <a href="Woody_plant_encroachment" title="Woody plant encroachment">woody encroachment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 2011, around 734.5 million tons of feed were produced annually around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3></div>

<p>The US <a href="Animal_Drug_Availability_Act_1996" title="Animal Drug Availability Act 1996">Animal Drug Availability Act 1996</a>, passed during the <a href="Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> era, was the first attempt in that country to regulate the use of <a href="Medicated_feed" title="Medicated feed">medicated feed</a>.

</p><p>In 1997, in response to outbreaks of <a href="Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy" title="Bovine spongiform encephalopathy">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy</a>, commonly known as mad cow disease, the United States and Canada banned a range of animal tissues from cattle feed. Feed bans in United States (2009) Canada (2007) expanded on this, prohibiting the use of potentially infectious tissue in all animal and pet food and fertilizers.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forage">Forage</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="Forage" title="Forage">Forage</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like "><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forage&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">

<p><a href="Forage" title="Forage">Forage</a> is a plant material (mainly plant leaves and stems) eaten by <a href="Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing</a> <a href="Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, the term <i>forage</i> has meant only plants eaten by the animals directly as <a href="Pasture" title="Pasture">pasture</a>, <a href="Crop_residue" title="Crop residue">crop residue</a>, or immature <a href="Cereal" title="Cereal">cereal</a> crops, but it is also used more loosely to include similar plants cut for <a href="Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a> and carried to the animals, especially as <a href="Hay" title="Hay">hay</a> or <a href="Silage" title="Silage">silage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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While the term <i>forage</i> has a broad definition, the term <i>forage crop</i> is used to define crops, annual or biennial, which are grown to be utilized by grazing or harvesting as a whole crop.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacture">Manufacture</h2></div>

<div class="excerpt-block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="Feed_manufacturing" title="Feed manufacturing">Feed manufacturing</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like "><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feed_manufacturing&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">

<p><a href="Feed_manufacturing" title="Feed manufacturing">Feed manufacturing</a> refers to the process of producing animal feed from raw agricultural products. <a href="Fodder" title="Fodder">Fodder</a> produced by manufacturing is formulated to meet specific <a href="Animal_nutrition" title="Animal nutrition">animal nutrition</a> requirements for different species of animals at different life stages. According to the <a href="American_Feed_Industry_Association" title="American Feed Industry Association">American Feed Industry Association</a> (AFIA),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there are four basic steps:

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<ol><li>Receive raw <a href="Ingredient" title="Ingredient">ingredients</a>: Feed mills receive raw ingredients from suppliers. Upon arrival, the ingredients are weighed, tested and analyzed for various nutrients and to ensure their quality and safety.</li>

<li>Create a formula: <a href="Nutritionist" title="Nutritionist">Nutritionists</a> work side by side with scientists to formulate nutritionally sound and balanced diets for livestock, poultry, aquaculture and pets. This is a complex process, as every species has different nutritional requirements.</li>

<li>Mix ingredients: Once the formula is determined, the mill mixes the ingredients to create a finished product.</li>

<li>Package and label: Manufacturers determine the best way to ship the product. If it is prepared for retail, it will be "bagged and tagged," or placed into a bag with a label that includes the product's purpose, ingredients and instructions. If the product is prepared for commercial use, it will be shipped in bulk.</li></ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h2></div>

<p>In agriculture today, the nutritional needs of farm animals are well understood and may be satisfied through natural forage and fodder alone, or augmented by direct supplementation of nutrients in concentrated, controlled form. The nutritional quality of feed is influenced not only by the nutrient content, but also by many other factors such as feed presentation, hygiene, digestibility, and effect on intestinal health.<sup id="cite_ref-Merck_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merck-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Feed_additives" class="mw-redirect" title="Feed additives">Feed additives</a> provide a mechanism through which these nutrient deficiencies can be resolved, improving animal rate of growth, health, and well-being. Many farm animals have a diet largely consisting of grain-based ingredients because of the higher costs of quality feed.<sup id="cite_ref-Merck_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merck-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_ingredients">Major ingredients</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chelates">Chelates</h3></div>

<div class="excerpt-block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="Chelates_in_animal_nutrition" title="Chelates in animal nutrition">Chelates in animal nutrition</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like "><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chelates_in_animal_nutrition&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">

<p><a href="Chelates_in_animal_nutrition" title="Chelates in animal nutrition">Chelates in animal feed</a> is jargon for metalloorganic compounds added to animal feed. The compounds provide sources of various metals that improve the health or marketability of the animal. Typical metal salts are derived from <a href="Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, <a href="Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, and <a href="Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>. The objective of supplementation with trace minerals is to avoid a variety of <a href="Deficiency_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Deficiency disease">deficiency diseases</a>. Trace minerals carry out key functions in relation to many <a href="Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolic processes</a>, most notably as <a href="Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">cofactors</a> for <a href="Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> and <a href="Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a>, and are essential for optimum health, growth and productivity. For example, supplementary minerals help ensure good growth, bone development, <a href="Feather" title="Feather">feathering</a> in birds, <a href="Hoof" title="Hoof">hoof</a>, <a href="Skin" title="Skin">skin</a> and <a href="Hair" title="Hair">hair</a> quality in mammals, enzyme structure and functions, and appetite. Deficiency of trace minerals affects many metabolic processes and so may be manifested by different symptoms, such as poor growth and <a href="Appetite" title="Appetite">appetite</a>, reproductive failures, impaired <a href="Immune_response" title="Immune response">immune responses</a>, and general ill-thrift. From the 1950s to the 1990s most trace mineral supplementation of animal diets was in the form of inorganic minerals, and these largely eradicated associated deficiency diseases in farm animals. The role in <a href="Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a> and reproductive diseases of <a href="Dairy_cattle" title="Dairy cattle">dairy cattle</a> highlights that organic forms of Zn are retained better than inorganic sources and so may provide greater benefit in <a href="Disease_prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Disease prevention">disease prevention</a>, notably <a href="Mastitis" title="Mastitis">mastitis</a> and <a href="Lameness_(equine)" title="Lameness (equine)">lameness.</a>

</p>

<a href="Animal" title="Animal">Animals</a> are thought to better absorb, digest, and use mineral chelates than inorganic minerals or simple salts.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In theory lower concentrations of these minerals can be used in animal feeds. In addition, animals fed chelated sources of essential trace minerals excrete lower amounts in their faeces, and so there is less environmental contamination.</div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insects">Insects</h3></div>

<div class="excerpt-block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="Insects_as_feed" title="Insects as feed">Insects as feed</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like "><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insects_as_feed&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">

<p><a href="Insects_as_feed" title="Insects as feed">Insects as feed</a> are <a href="Insect" title="Insect">insect</a> species used as animal feed, either for <a href="Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>, including <a href="Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a>, or <a href="Insect_based_pet_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect based pet food">as pet food</a>.

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As livestock feed production <a href="Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture" title="Environmental impacts of animal agriculture">uses ~33% of the world's agricultural cropland use</a>, insects might be able to supplement livestock feed. They can transform low-value organic wastes, are nutritious and have low environmental impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-10.1126/science.adc9165_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1126/science.adc9165-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div>

<div class="excerpt-block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="Soybean_meal" title="Soybean meal">Soybean meal</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like "><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soybean_meal&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">

<a href="Soybean_meal" title="Soybean meal">Soybean meal</a> is used in <a href="Food" title="Food">food</a> and animal feeds, principally as a <a href="Protein_supplement" title="Protein supplement">protein supplement</a>, but also as a source of <a href="Metabolizable_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolizable energy">metabolizable energy</a>. Typically 1 <a href="Bushel" title="Bushel">bushel</a> (i.e. 60 <a href="Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">lbs.</a> or 27.2 <a href="Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a>) of soybeans yields 48 lbs. (21.8 kg) of <a href="Soybean" title="Soybean">soybean</a> meal.<sup id="cite_ref-Soybean_meal_MP197_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soybean_meal_MP197-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most soybean meal is defatted, produced as a <a href="Co-product" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-product">co-product</a> of <a href="Soybean_oil" title="Soybean oil">soybean oil</a> extraction.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some, but not all, soybean meal contains ground soybean hulls. Soybean meal is heat-treated during production, to <a href="Denaturation_(biochemistry)" title="Denaturation (biochemistry)">denature</a> the <a href="Trypsin_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Trypsin inhibitors">trypsin inhibitors</a> of soybeans, which would otherwise interfere with <a href="Proteolysis" title="Proteolysis">protein digestion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Soybean_meal_Stein2008_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soybean_meal_Stein2008-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Soybean_meal_SFIG2010_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soybean_meal_SFIG2010-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_animal">By animal</h2></div>

<li><a href="Cattle_feeding" title="Cattle feeding">Cattle feeding</a></li>

<li><a href="Equine_nutrition" title="Equine nutrition">Equine nutrition</a></li>

<li><a href="Pig_farming" title="Pig farming">Pig farming</a></li>

<li><a href="Poultry_feed" title="Poultry feed">Poultry feed</a></li>

<li><a href="Sheep_husbandry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheep husbandry">Sheep husbandry</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Appetein" title="Appetein">Appetein</a></li>

<li><a href="FEFANA" title="FEFANA">FEFANA</a></li>

<li><a href="Hammermill" title="Hammermill">Hammermill</a></li>

<li><a href="Pellet_mill" title="Pellet mill">Pellet mill</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<ul><li>News report on the study: <cite id="CITEREFYirka" class="citation news cs1">Yirka, Bob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2023-01-case-insects-food-humans-livestock.html">"Making the case for using insects as food for both humans and livestock"</a>. <i><a href="Phys.org" title="Phys.org">phys.org</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230128211900/https://phys.org/news/2023-01-case-insects-food-humans-livestock.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite></li></ul>

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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChengRosentrater2019" class="citation journal cs1">Cheng, Ming-Hsun; Rosentrater, Kurt A. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fagriculture9050087">"Techno-Economic Analysis of Extruding-Expelling of Soybeans to Produce Oil and Meal"</a>. <i>Agriculture</i>. <b>9</b> (5): 87. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fagriculture9050087">10.3390/agriculture9050087</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2077-0472">2077-0472</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Soybean_meal_Stein2008-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Soybean_meal_Stein2008_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stein, H. H., L. L. Berger, J. K. Drackley, G. C. Fahey Jr, D. C. Hernot and C. M. Parsons. 2008. Nutritional properties and feeding values of soybeans and their coproducts. Soybeans chemistry, production, processing, and utilization. AOCS Press, Urbana, IL. pp. 613-660.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Soybean_meal_SFIG2010-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Soybean_meal_SFIG2010_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Soybean Feed Industry Guide. 2010. 1st Ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://cigi.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/2010-Soybean-Feed-Industry-Guide.pdf">https://cigi.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/2010-Soybean-Feed-Industry-Guide.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308025835/https://cigi.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/2010-Soybean-Feed-Industry-Guide.pdf">Archived</a> 2021-03-08 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/animal_feed" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/animal feed">animal feed</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.food.gov.uk/foodindustry/farmingfood/animalfeed/animalfeedlegislation">Animal feed legislation and guidance</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101213235422/http://www.food.gov.uk/foodindustry/farmingfood/animalfeed/animalfeedlegislation">Archived</a> 2010-12-13 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/ag/AGa/AGAP/FRG/Feedsafety/feedsafety.htm">FAO Feed Safety guidelines</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101202144046/http://www.fao.org/ag/AGa/AGAP/FRG/Feedsafety/feedsafety.htm">Archived</a> 2010-12-02 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081418/http://www.afia.org/Biosecurity_Guide.html">Feed - Biosecurity Guide</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.feedmachinery.com/articles/feed_related/feed-industry-infographic/">Infographic: A look at the global feed production 2012</a></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-07" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Animal_feed&oldid=1299337959">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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